有智能驱动器的条件监控
概括
如今,驱动器不仅仅是简单的电源处理器。具有充当传感器和传感器中心的能力,处理,存储和分析数据以及连接功能,驱动器是现代自动化系统中的重要元素。基于条件的监控功能可以实现新的维护方式,例如基于条件的维护。
Evolution of Industrial Automation Systems
In the transition to the current millennium, we have witnessed a profound change in technology, which has led to a whole new way of working in a digital world. This is the fourth industrial revolution. The first industrial revolution, which occurred during the 18th and 19th century, was a mechanical revolution, triggered by the invention of the steam engine. By the end of the 19th and early 20th century, the second industrial revolution unfolded with the adoption of mass production, electrification, and changes in communication. This period is also referred to as the Electrical Revolution. Later in the 20th century, the third industrial revolution brought advances in semiconductors, computing, automation and the internet. This phase is also known as the Digital Revolution.
The fourth industrial revolution has emerged as a result of networking computers, people, and devices fueled by data and machine learning. Although the term “Industry 4.0” is quite vague, a possible definition for Industry 4.0 describes the intelligent networking of people, devices, and systems by utilizing all possibilities of digitalization across the entire value chain.
Trends in Industry 4.0 Automation Systems
工业4.0对电机系统的影响是从“自动化金字塔”到“网络系统”的迁移。这意味着系统的各种元素,例如电动机,驱动器,传感器和控件,都相互联系并连接到云 - 数据中心存储,处理,分析和决策。
标题:自动金字塔
标题:自动化网络
在自动化网络中,数据量很明显。由于数据主要由传感器产生,因此现代自动化系统中的传感器数量正在增加。电动机和驱动的机器,例如风扇,泵和输送机,并不是数据网络中最明显的参与者。因此,传感器必须从这些计算机中收集数据。传感器使用各种方法连接到数据网络,以利用数据。在引入高级条件监控系统时,传感器和连接性的额外成本通常被视为障碍。
现代可变速度驱动了行业4.0自动化网络的新机会。传统上,驱动器被认为是控制电动机速度的动力处理器。如今,驱动器也是信息链的一部分,利用驱动器内的内置处理能力,存储容量和通信接口的优势。
什么是智能驱动器?
In the Industry 4.0 network, the drive plays an important role and is characterized by some enabling features:
- Secure connectivity: The drive can connect to other elements in a secure manner. Other elements in the network may include drives, PLCs, sensors, and a cloud.
- 驱动器充当传感器:驱动器使用电动机电流和电压签名分析来感知电动机和应用性能。
- 驱动器充当传感器中心:驱动器从与驱动器控制的过程相关的外部传感器中获取数据。
- 驱动器充当控制器:在应用程序约束允许的情况下,驱动器可以替换PLC。
- Bring your own device concept: Wireless connectivity to smart devices (smartphone, tablet).
Information from the drive can be identified as follows:
- 瞬时信号:使用内置传感器直接测量驱动器的信号。诸如电机电流,电压,驱动温度及其导数之类的数据,该数据是电流和电压或电动机扭矩的倍数。此外,该驱动器可用作连接提供瞬时信号的外部传感器的枢纽。
- 处理的信号:源自瞬时信号的信号。例如,统计分布(最大,最小,平均值和标准偏差值),频域分析或任务概况指标。
- 分析信号:提供驱动器,电动机和应用状况的指示信号。信号用于触发维护或导致系统设计改进。
Motor current signature analysis techniques enable the drive to monitor the condition of the motor and application. The technique allows to potentially eliminate physical sensors or extract early fault signatures which might not have been possible to detect. For example, using the technique makes it possible to detect winding faults in advance or mechanical load eccentricity.
作为传感器中心的驱动器的概念需要将外部传感器连接到驱动器,从而节省了网关将物理传感器连接到数据网络的需求。振动传感器,压力传感器和温度传感器是可以连接到驱动器的传感器的示例。该概念的优点不仅与成本有关,而且还可以使传感器数据与驱动器中存在的不同类型的数据相关。一个明显的例子是,由于振动取决于速度,因此外部传感器的振动水平与电动机速度的相关性。
基于条件的维护
以下是不同种类的维护策略:
- Corrective maintenance: The product is exchanged after a fault.
- Preventive maintenance: The product is exchanged before a fault, although no notifications are received from the product.
- 基于条件的维护:当产品的实际寿命与预期的寿命和可能的根本原因不同时,产品就会发出警告。
- Predictive maintenance: The product provides a warning before the product reaches the designed hours of operation, in order to initiate service action.
Why is condition-based maintenance needed?
纠正和预防性维护是故障(事件)或基于时间的。因此,在故障(校正)或预先建立的操作小时(预防性)后进行维护。这些类型的维护不使用实际应用程序中的任何反馈。
随着行业4.0的引入和传感器数据的可用性,现在可以使用基于条件的和预测性维护。此类维护策略使用实际传感器数据来确定服务中设备的状况(基于条件的维护)或预测未来的故障(预测性维护)。
Overview and benefits
基于条件的维护是根据实际应用程序的数据最简单,最直观的维护技术。获取的数据用于监视服务中设备的健康状况。为此,选择关键参数作为指标
确定发展的故障。一件设备的状况通常会加班。P-F曲线说明了这一点,该曲线显示了典型的降解模式。当设备无法执行预期功能时,就会发生功能故障。基于条件的维护的想法是在发生实际故障之前检测潜在故障。
标题:描绘典型降解模式的P-F曲线
在这种情况下,规划维护措施提供了许多优势,例如:
- Downtime reduction
- 消除意外生产停止
- 维护优化
- 减少备件库存库存
可变速度驱动器的条件监控功能
基于条件的维护的组成部分涉及监视设备的状况。在可变速度应用中,应用程序的条件通常取决于速度。例如,尽管这种关系不是线性的,但振动水平往往会更高。实际上,可以以一定的速度发生共振,然后在提高速度时消失。
Using an independent system to monitor the condition of a variable speed application is complicated by the need for knowing the speed and the correlating monitored value with speed. Using drives for condition monitoring (“drive as a sensor” or “drive as a sensor hub”) is an advantageous solution, as the information about application speed is already present in the drive. Additionally, information about the load/motor torque and acceleration is readily available in the drive.
条件监视遵循三步步骤:
- 建立基线
- Define thresholds
- Perform monitoring
1.建立基线
对于有效的状况监测系统,第一个重要步骤是确定和定义正常的工作条件。建立基线手段来定义应用程序的正常工作条件,这称为基线。有几种确定基线值的方法。
手动基线:当使用先前的经验定义基线值时,将已知值编程到驱动器中。
基线运行:基线可以在调试期间确定。使用此方法,通过相关的速度范围确定每个速度点中的状况。但是,在调试过程中的某些情况下,有可能
该应用程序不需要满负荷运行或需要磨损期。在这种情况下,必须在磨损期之后执行基线运行,以捕获尽可能接近正常操作的操作状态。
Online baseline: This is an advanced method which captures baseline data during normal operation. This is useful in situations when a baseline run can not be performed, because the application does not allow exploring the entire speed range.
建立基线后,下一步是为警告和警报生成阈值。阈值表示必须通知用户的应用程序条件。有多种方式来指示设备的状况,行业中最受欢迎的是具有四种颜色的交通信号灯状态,该颜色在VDMA规范24582 FieldBus中性参考中进行了描述,以进行出厂自动化中的条件监控。
颜色表示以下内容:
Green: Indicates the equipment is in good condition and performs efficiently.
Yellow: Indicates Warning 1 stage and signifies the first threshold is exceeded. A maintenance action can be planned by maintenance personnel.
Orange: Indicates Warning 2 or critical stage and signifies the second threshold is exceeded. Immediate maintenance action must be carried out by maintenance personnel.
Red: Indicates an alarm and signifies the machine will stop and corrective maintenance is needed.
2.定义警告和警报的阈值
The following methods are used to define threshold values:
- 绝对:这是已知设备值的常见方法。阈值具有固定值,与测量的基线值无关。例如,当操作员知道设备的绝对限制时,设置了警报阈值的绝对值。在振动监控的情况下,标准中描述的极限值(例如ISO 10816/20816)可用于警报阈值作为绝对值。
- 偏移:设置阈值的方法需要了解应用程序和基线值。阈值取决于选择用户定义偏移量的基线值。在这种情况下,风险是设定非常低或高的价值,导致误报。虚假设置也可能导致不重要的监视,即使发生故障。
- Factor: This method is easier to use than the offset, because it requires less application understanding. The threshold depends on the baseline value which is multiplied by a factor. For example, the threshold value may be 150% of the baseline. The risk in this case is setting a very high threshold.
3. Perform monitoring
Monitoring is performed with continuous comparison to the thresholds. During normal operation, the actual values are compared with the threshold value. When the monitored parameters exceed a threshold for a pre-defined time, a warning or alarm is activated. The timer is configured to act as a filter, so that short transients do not trigger warnings and alarms.
标题:基于条件的监控技术
可以通过LCP,FieldBus通信或物联网通信从驱动器中读取实际监视值。此外,可以将数字输出配置为对特定警告和警报的反应。有些驱动器具有内置的Web服务器,也可以用于读取条件状态。
Conclusion
如今,驱动器不仅仅是简单的电源处理器。具有充当传感器和传感器中心的能力,处理,存储和分析数据以及连接功能,驱动器是现代自动化系统中的重要元素。
自动化装置中通常已经存在驱动器,因此为升级到行业4.0提供了一个很好的机会。
这可以实现新的执行维护方法,例如基于条件的维护。这些功能已经在某些驱动器中可用,并且早期采用者已经开始使用该驱动器作为传感器。